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Parenthetical References

Parenthetical references are simply another method for documenting the sources you have used in writing a paper. When you use parenthetical references, rather than using endnotes or footnotes, you cite the source right in the body of your text. Like all forms of referencing, the citation must occur whether you have quoted the source or paraphrased. Your teachers at Shipley will require this form of documentation for most papers. However, there will be some papers for which you will be required to use endnotes or footnotes instead. Your teacher will tell you which method he or she prefers. The citation will vary just a bit depending on what information you include in the text of your paper. A general rule will be helpful: any information (title or author) that you use in the body of your text may be omitted from the parenthetical reference.  The examples below follow the MLA format. If you need further information you should consult section 5: Documentation: Citing Sources in the Text pp. 203-229 in the 5th edition of the MLA Handbook (there are copies available in the library). If you have mentioned the author’s name in the text: “Quotation” or paraphrased text (page #).  {* Note that the period comes at the end of the parenthetical reference not at the end of the quotation or paraphrase } Jung believes that there are two guidelines one should use when interpreting dreams: “First, the dream should be treated as a fact, about which one must make no previous assumptions except that it somehow makes sense; and second, the dream is a specific expression of the unconscious” (18). If you have not mentioned the author’s name in the text: “Quotation” or paraphrased text (author page #). There are two guidelines one should use when interpreting dreams: “First, the dream should be treated as a fact, about which one must make no previous assumptions except that it somehow makes sense; and second, the dream is a specific expression of the unconscious” (Jung 18). If you cite more than one work by the same author: “Quotation” or paraphrased text (author, name of work {underlined, in quotations, or italicized as indicated by type of work} p #).   There are two guidelines one should use when interpreting dreams: “First, the dream should be treated as a fact, about which one must make no previous assumptions except that it somehow makes sense; and second, the dream is a specific expression of the unconscious” (Jung , Man 18). {*Note you may use a shortened version of the title. Here we use Man to refer to Man and His Symbols.} If the work has more than one author: “Quotation” or paraphrased text (author and author page #). The gods of grammar have cautioned us against overuse of words such as quite and very (Strunk and White 63). If the work has no author: “Quotation” or paraphrased text (title page). “Any visible body piercing not on the ear lobe is unacceptable attire” (Shipley Handbook 19). If you are citing an Internet article: The same rules apply to Internet as to any other reference.  However, on the Internet, you will not have page #s. There are several ways to process historical information. It is important for students of history to process readings and discussion through a variety of frameworks: factual, comparative, and comprehensive. (Mrs. Van’s Modern World). For in-text documentation of Internet sources, use the author's last name, or, in the absence of an author, a shortened version of the document's title.  If your document is called "Clothing of the Victorian Age," you may cite it like this: (Clothing).